Following their defeat in the American war. The Filipinos had to accept American sovereignty. Although they began to cooperate with the American and even like them and their culture, the Filipino never ceased to aspire for eventual independence.
Early efforts.
During the First few years of the American occupation the Filipino agitated for the independence. The nationalist sentiments of the people could be seen in the writings and other literary works of the Filipino writers on those years.
This worried the American authorities in the Philippines. So the Philippine commission enacted two controversial laws. Sedition Law and the Flag Law
Sedition Law – is prohibited the Filipinos from speaking or writing in support of Philippine independence. And imposed stiff penalties on those who would violate it.
The Flag law – made it a crime to those who display the Filipino flag.
Despite this law a number of Filipino nationalist continued to advocate independence or to express their anti-American feelings. The American also banned political parties that advocates Philippine independence. Up to 1906 the ban was lifted
With the lifting of the band on pro independence parties were organize and form a new political parties the nacionalista is one example.
Agitations for the independence was suspended when the united states entered world war I by declaring war on Germany on April 6, 1917,
Once the war was ended, the campaign for the independence was resumed on march 17, 1919, the Philippines legislature passed a resolution expressing that the time had come for the U.S. to grant the Philippine independence.
So there was a number of missions under the struggle for the freedom of the Philippines.
Wood-Forbes Mission
After the inauguration of president Warren G. Harden he sent a special mission to the Philippines to verify the political situation. The mission composed of former Gen. Leonard Wood and former Gov. – Gen. W. Cameron Forbes. The wood forbes mission stayed in the Philippines for four months. In October 1921, the mission submittedto the president . the mission reported that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for the independence
Independence mission
a major feature of the Filipino campaigning for the independence was the sending the special independence mission to Washington . these mission was persuading the U.S. congress to pass an independence law for the philipines
First mission was sent by the Philippine legislature in February 1919. It was composed of 40 members among whom were cabinet officials, legislature , educators and business leaders. The head of the mission was Manuel L. Quezon
The second mission was sent by the Philippine legislature in 1922. It was jointly headed by Quezon and speaker Sergio osmeña. Its task to counter act the report of wood-forbes mission
Third mission headed by speaker Manuel Roxas has dispatched to the Unated States by the legislature in the late part of 1923
All this mission was a Failure – President Harding said that the Filipinos were not yet ready for the independence.
OSROX mission
Following victory of the democratic party in the congressional elections of 1930. The Philippine legislature sent on November 1931 another mission to the United States to work for the passge of an independence. By this time there were American lawmakers who favored Philippine independence. One of them was U.S. senator Harry B. Hawes who came in manila in 1931 to make a survey of the existing condition in the country. On his return to Washington. Sen. Hawes filed a independence bill in the U.S. congress with U.S congressman hare and Senator Cutting the co-sponsor. The bill was approved in December 1932. But pres. Herbert hoover vetoed the bill. Through the untering effort of sen osmeña and speaker roxas the US congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933, this law came to be known as “Hare-Hawes-Cutting act. But before the law could take effect it had to be approved first by the Philippine legislature. The passage of this law sparked a controversy in the Philippines that split the people into two
Antis – side of sen. Quezon and opposing the law
Pros – who those supported the law and backed osmeña and roxas.
Quezon objected that the hare-hawes cutting act for a number of reason. Quezon believed that tha laws provision on trade relation were disadvantageous to the philippines
Osmeña and roxas on the other hand claimed that the Hare-Hawes-cutting act was the best independence law that the Filipino could obtain from the US at that time. And so the two leaders campaigned to have the law accepted
Quezon emerged the victorious in the controversy . the Philippine legislature sided with him. One oct 17 1933 the legislature rejected the hare.hawes-cutting act.
The US enacted a new independence bill sponsored by senator Millard Tydings and representative john McDuffie.. it was sign to a law by president Franklin Roosevelt on march 24 1934
Tydings Mcduffie act
An act to provide for the complete independence of the Philippine island. To provide for the adaptation of a constitution and form of a government for the Philippine islands. The Tydings Mcduffie act Establish of a commonwealth of the Philippines which would govern the country of a 10 years transition period, after which on July 4, 1946 - The U.S. would proclaim the Independence of the Philippines
The Independence Law is also called for a constitution convention, The Independence law also include the following provision:
American citizen would have the same civil rights as Filipino citizens.
During the 10-year transition period, the Filipino would owe Allegiance to the United States.
The United States would have direct supervision and control of the Commonwealth’s Foreign affairs
Filipino Immigration to the united states would be restricted, but there would be no limit on the number of Americans who might wish to immigrate to the Philippines
A partial free trade system between the Philippines and the United States under which Philippine goods within a certain quota would be allowed to enter the U.S. free duty for the first five years of the commonwealth.
The U.S. would allowed to maintain military base in the Philippines
Certain action of the commonwealth would have to be approved bye the laws passed by the legislatives body involving the currency, foreign trade and immigration
The United States would be represented in the Philippines by a High Commissioner. A Filipino Resident Commissioner would represent the commonwealth in the United States.
May 1, 1934 – The Philippine Legislator Approved the Tydings – McDuffie Law.
Birth of the Philippine Commonwealth
Following the ratification of the constitution and its approval by pres. Roosevelt. Election were held to choose the president, Vice president, and members of the national assembly. In the national election of September 17, 1935.
○ President: Manuel L. Quezon
○ Vice President: Sergio Osmeña
○ National Assembly: Nacionalista Party to which Quezon and osmeña belonged.
The commonwealth of the Philippines was formally inaugurated in manila on November 15 1935. After the inaugural ceremonies president Quezon proceeded to malacanang palace to take up his residence. It is symbolized the transfer of power from Americans to Filipinos, for the malacanang has been the official residence of the American governors – general
Government Reorganization one of the first Quezon do is reorganizes the government. Some old government bureaus and officers were either recognized or altogether abolish.
Women suffrage a few years before the establishment of the commonwealth gov. gen frank Murphy signed into law a bill granting Filipino women the right to vote. The women voted for the first time on may 14 1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935 constitution
Educational development
Education continued to receive from the commonwealth government the same attention that American gave to it. President Quezon created the national council of education in 1936 as an advisory body on educational matters. It first chairman was Rafael Palma.
economical development
Agricultural development. The agricultural sector of the economy experienced the remarkable progress during the commonwealth period before the outbreak of World War II, by the end of 1935.
Trade and industry. the country’s foreign trade particularly it trade with the US continued to increase during the commonwealth period. The value of the Philippine trade rose from 374 million in 1935 to 593 million in 1941
Early efforts.
During the First few years of the American occupation the Filipino agitated for the independence. The nationalist sentiments of the people could be seen in the writings and other literary works of the Filipino writers on those years.
This worried the American authorities in the Philippines. So the Philippine commission enacted two controversial laws. Sedition Law and the Flag Law
Sedition Law – is prohibited the Filipinos from speaking or writing in support of Philippine independence. And imposed stiff penalties on those who would violate it.
The Flag law – made it a crime to those who display the Filipino flag.
Despite this law a number of Filipino nationalist continued to advocate independence or to express their anti-American feelings. The American also banned political parties that advocates Philippine independence. Up to 1906 the ban was lifted
With the lifting of the band on pro independence parties were organize and form a new political parties the nacionalista is one example.
Agitations for the independence was suspended when the united states entered world war I by declaring war on Germany on April 6, 1917,
Once the war was ended, the campaign for the independence was resumed on march 17, 1919, the Philippines legislature passed a resolution expressing that the time had come for the U.S. to grant the Philippine independence.
So there was a number of missions under the struggle for the freedom of the Philippines.
Wood-Forbes Mission
After the inauguration of president Warren G. Harden he sent a special mission to the Philippines to verify the political situation. The mission composed of former Gen. Leonard Wood and former Gov. – Gen. W. Cameron Forbes. The wood forbes mission stayed in the Philippines for four months. In October 1921, the mission submittedto the president . the mission reported that the Filipinos were not yet prepared for the independence
Independence mission
a major feature of the Filipino campaigning for the independence was the sending the special independence mission to Washington . these mission was persuading the U.S. congress to pass an independence law for the philipines
First mission was sent by the Philippine legislature in February 1919. It was composed of 40 members among whom were cabinet officials, legislature , educators and business leaders. The head of the mission was Manuel L. Quezon
The second mission was sent by the Philippine legislature in 1922. It was jointly headed by Quezon and speaker Sergio osmeña. Its task to counter act the report of wood-forbes mission
Third mission headed by speaker Manuel Roxas has dispatched to the Unated States by the legislature in the late part of 1923
All this mission was a Failure – President Harding said that the Filipinos were not yet ready for the independence.
OSROX mission
Following victory of the democratic party in the congressional elections of 1930. The Philippine legislature sent on November 1931 another mission to the United States to work for the passge of an independence. By this time there were American lawmakers who favored Philippine independence. One of them was U.S. senator Harry B. Hawes who came in manila in 1931 to make a survey of the existing condition in the country. On his return to Washington. Sen. Hawes filed a independence bill in the U.S. congress with U.S congressman hare and Senator Cutting the co-sponsor. The bill was approved in December 1932. But pres. Herbert hoover vetoed the bill. Through the untering effort of sen osmeña and speaker roxas the US congress repassed the bill on January 17, 1933, this law came to be known as “Hare-Hawes-Cutting act. But before the law could take effect it had to be approved first by the Philippine legislature. The passage of this law sparked a controversy in the Philippines that split the people into two
Antis – side of sen. Quezon and opposing the law
Pros – who those supported the law and backed osmeña and roxas.
Quezon objected that the hare-hawes cutting act for a number of reason. Quezon believed that tha laws provision on trade relation were disadvantageous to the philippines
Osmeña and roxas on the other hand claimed that the Hare-Hawes-cutting act was the best independence law that the Filipino could obtain from the US at that time. And so the two leaders campaigned to have the law accepted
Quezon emerged the victorious in the controversy . the Philippine legislature sided with him. One oct 17 1933 the legislature rejected the hare.hawes-cutting act.
The US enacted a new independence bill sponsored by senator Millard Tydings and representative john McDuffie.. it was sign to a law by president Franklin Roosevelt on march 24 1934
Tydings Mcduffie act
An act to provide for the complete independence of the Philippine island. To provide for the adaptation of a constitution and form of a government for the Philippine islands. The Tydings Mcduffie act Establish of a commonwealth of the Philippines which would govern the country of a 10 years transition period, after which on July 4, 1946 - The U.S. would proclaim the Independence of the Philippines
The Independence Law is also called for a constitution convention, The Independence law also include the following provision:
American citizen would have the same civil rights as Filipino citizens.
During the 10-year transition period, the Filipino would owe Allegiance to the United States.
The United States would have direct supervision and control of the Commonwealth’s Foreign affairs
Filipino Immigration to the united states would be restricted, but there would be no limit on the number of Americans who might wish to immigrate to the Philippines
A partial free trade system between the Philippines and the United States under which Philippine goods within a certain quota would be allowed to enter the U.S. free duty for the first five years of the commonwealth.
The U.S. would allowed to maintain military base in the Philippines
Certain action of the commonwealth would have to be approved bye the laws passed by the legislatives body involving the currency, foreign trade and immigration
The United States would be represented in the Philippines by a High Commissioner. A Filipino Resident Commissioner would represent the commonwealth in the United States.
May 1, 1934 – The Philippine Legislator Approved the Tydings – McDuffie Law.
Birth of the Philippine Commonwealth
Following the ratification of the constitution and its approval by pres. Roosevelt. Election were held to choose the president, Vice president, and members of the national assembly. In the national election of September 17, 1935.
○ President: Manuel L. Quezon
○ Vice President: Sergio Osmeña
○ National Assembly: Nacionalista Party to which Quezon and osmeña belonged.
The commonwealth of the Philippines was formally inaugurated in manila on November 15 1935. After the inaugural ceremonies president Quezon proceeded to malacanang palace to take up his residence. It is symbolized the transfer of power from Americans to Filipinos, for the malacanang has been the official residence of the American governors – general
Government Reorganization one of the first Quezon do is reorganizes the government. Some old government bureaus and officers were either recognized or altogether abolish.
Women suffrage a few years before the establishment of the commonwealth gov. gen frank Murphy signed into law a bill granting Filipino women the right to vote. The women voted for the first time on may 14 1935 in the plebiscite to ratify the 1935 constitution
Educational development
Education continued to receive from the commonwealth government the same attention that American gave to it. President Quezon created the national council of education in 1936 as an advisory body on educational matters. It first chairman was Rafael Palma.
economical development
Agricultural development. The agricultural sector of the economy experienced the remarkable progress during the commonwealth period before the outbreak of World War II, by the end of 1935.
Trade and industry. the country’s foreign trade particularly it trade with the US continued to increase during the commonwealth period. The value of the Philippine trade rose from 374 million in 1935 to 593 million in 1941
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